Tsarin asali da ƙa'idar aiki na ƙirar kyamara

Tsarin asali na tsarin kyamara

I. Tsarin kamara da ƙa'idar aiki

Ana harbi wurin ta hanyar ruwan tabarau, hoton gani da aka samar ana hasashe akan firikwensin, sannan hoton na gani ya canza zuwa siginar lantarki, wanda aka canza zuwa siginar dijital ta hanyar jujjuyawar analog-zuwa dijital.DSP ne ke sarrafa siginar dijital sannan a tura shi zuwa kwamfutar don sarrafa shi, kuma a ƙarshe ya canza zuwa hoton da ake iya gani akan allon wayar.

Ayyukan sarrafa siginar dijital (DSP) guntu: haɓaka sigogin siginar hoto na dijital ta hanyar jerin hadaddun algorithms na lissafi, da canja wurin siginar da aka sarrafa zuwa PC da sauran na'urori ta hanyar USB da sauran musaya.Tsarin tsarin DSP:
1, ISP (image siginar processor)
1. ISP (mai sarrafa siginar hoto)
2. JPEG encoder
2. Mai rikodin JPEG
3. Mai sarrafa na'urar USB
3. Mai sarrafa na'urar USB

Akwai nau'ikan firikwensin kyamara guda biyu,

Ɗayan shine CCD (Chagre Couled Device) firikwensin, wato cajin na'ura.
ɗayan kuma shine CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) firikwensin, wato, ƙarin ƙarfe oxide semiconductor.
Amfanin CCD ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ingancin hoto mai kyau, amma tsarin masana'anta yana da rikitarwa, farashi yana da yawa, kuma amfani da wutar lantarki yana da yawa.A daidai wannan ƙuduri, CMOS yana da arha fiye da CCD, amma ingancin hoton yana ƙasa da CCD.Idan aka kwatanta da CCD, firikwensin hoton CMOS yana da ƙarancin ƙarfin amfani.Bugu da kari, tare da ci gaban fasahar tsari, ingancin hoton CMOS kuma an ci gaba da inganta shi.Saboda haka, kyamarori na wayar hannu na yanzu a kasuwa duk suna amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina na CMOS.

Tsarin sauƙi na kyamarar wayar hannu
Lens: tara haske da tsara wurin zuwa saman matsakaicin hoto.
Na'urar firikwensin hoto: matsakaicin hoto, wanda ke canza hoton (siginar haske) wanda ruwan tabarau ya yi hasashe a saman siginar lantarki.
Motoci: yana tafiyar da motsin ruwan tabarau, ta yadda ruwan tabarau ya aiwatar da bayyananniyar hoto akan saman matsakaicin hoto.
Tacewar launi: Yanayin da idon ɗan adam ya gani yana cikin rukunin hasken da ake iya gani, kuma na'urar firikwensin hoto na iya gane bandejin haske fiye da idon ɗan adam.Don haka, ana ƙara tace launi don tace tsattsauran raɗaɗin haske, ta yadda firikwensin hoton zai iya ɗaukar ainihin yanayin da idanu ke gani.
Chip ɗin tuƙi: ana amfani da shi don sarrafa motsin motar da fitar da ruwan tabarau don cimma autofocus.
Substrate Board Substrate: Canja wurin siginar lantarki na firikwensin hoto zuwa ƙarshen baya.
II.Alamomi masu alaƙa da sunaye
1. Tsarin hoto gama gari
1.1 RGB tsarin:
Tsarin gargajiya na ja, kore da shuɗi, kamar RGB565 da RGB888;Tsarin bayanai na 16-bit shine 5-bit R + 6-bit G + 5-bit B. G yana da ƙari guda ɗaya saboda idanun ɗan adam sun fi kula da kore.
1.2 YUV tsarin:
Tsarin Luma (Y) + chroma (UV).YUV yana nufin tsarin pixel wanda a cikinsa aka bayyana ma'aunin haske da sigar chrominance daban.Amfanin wannan rabuwa shine cewa ba wai kawai yana guje wa tsangwama ba, amma kuma yana rage yawan samfurin chroma ba tare da rinjayar ingancin hoto da yawa ba.YUV kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya.Don ƙayyadaddun tsarin sa, ana iya raba shi zuwa ƙayyadaddun tsari da yawa.
Chroma (UV) yana bayyana bangarori biyu na launi: hue da jikewa, waɗanda CB da CR ke wakilta bi da bi.Daga cikin su, Cr yana nuna bambanci tsakanin ɓangaren ja na siginar shigarwar RGB da ƙimar haske na siginar RGB, yayin da Cb yana nuna bambanci tsakanin ɓangaren shuɗi na siginar shigarwar RGB da ƙimar haske na siginar RGB.
Babban tsarin samfurin shine YCbCr 4:2:0, YCbCr 4:2:2, YCbCr 4:1:1 da YCbCr 4:4:4.
1.3 Tsarin bayanan RAW:
Hoton RAW shine danyen bayanan da CMOS ko CCD firikwensin hoton ke canza siginar tushen hasken da aka kama zuwa siginar dijital.Fayil ɗin RAW fayil ne wanda ke rikodin ainihin bayanan firikwensin kyamarar dijital da wasu metadata (kamar saitunan ISO, saurin rufewa, ƙimar buɗewa, ma'aunin fari, da sauransu) da kyamarar ta haifar.RAW tsari ne wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba kuma ba a haɗa shi ba kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa azaman "bayanan hoto mai lamba" ko kuma a bayyane ake kira "mara kyau dijital".Kowane pixel na firikwensin ya dace da tace launi, kuma ana rarraba masu tacewa bisa ga tsarin Bayer.Ana fitar da bayanan kowane pixel kai tsaye, wato bayanan RAW RGB
Raw Data (Raw RGB) ya zama RGB bayan haɗin launi.

Misalin hoto na RAW
2. Alamomin fasaha masu alaƙa
2.1 Ƙaddamar hoto:
SXGA (1280 x1024), 1.3 megapixels
XGA (1024 x768), 0.8 megapixels
SVGA (800 x600), 0.5 megapixels
VGA (640x480), 0.3 megapixels (0.35 megapixels yana nufin 648x488)
CIF (352x288), 0.1 megapixels
SIF/QVGA(320x240)
QCIF (176x144)
QSIF/QQVGA(160x120)
2.2 Zurfin launi (yawan rago launi):
Ma'aunin launin toka mai launi 256, nau'ikan launin toka 256 (ciki har da baki da fari).
15 ko 16-bit launi (launi mai girma): 65,536 launuka.
Launi 24-bit (launi na gaskiya): Kowane launi na farko yana da matakan 256, kuma haɗin su yana da launuka 256*256*256.
Launi 32-bit: Baya ga launi 24-bit, ana amfani da ƙarin 8 bits don adana bayanan hoto na Layer mai rufi ( tashar alpha).
2.3 Zuƙowa na gani da zuƙowa na dijital:
Zuƙowa na gani: Zuƙowa / fita daga abin da kuke son harba ta daidaita ruwan tabarau.Yana kiyaye pixels da ingancin hoto ba su canzawa, amma kuna iya ɗaukar hoto mai kyau.Zuƙowa na dijital: Babu zuƙowa a zahiri.Yana ɗauka kawai daga ainihin hoton da zuƙowa ciki. Abin da kuke gani akan allon LCD yana ƙara girma, amma ingancin hoton ba a inganta sosai ba, kuma pixels sun yi ƙasa da matsakaicin pixels waɗanda kyamarar ku za ta iya harba.Ingancin hoto shine ainihin rashin cancanta, amma yana iya samar da wasu dacewa.
2.4 Hanyar matsa hoto:
JPEG/M-JPEG
H.261/H.263
MPEG
H.264
2.5 Hayaniyar hoto:
Yana nufin amo da tsangwama a cikin hoton kuma yana bayyana azaman tsayayyen amon launi a cikin hoton.
2.6 Ma'aunin fari ta atomatik:
A sauƙaƙe: maido da fararen abubuwa ta kyamara.Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa: zafin launi.
2.7 Duban kusurwa:
Yana da ka'ida ɗaya da hoton idon ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka sani da kewayon hoto.
2.8 Mayar da hankali ta atomatik:
Ana iya raba kaifin hankali zuwa nau'i biyu: ɗayan yana jeri autofocus bisa tazarar da ke tsakanin ruwan tabarau da batun, ɗayan kuma shine ganowar autofocus dangane da bayyananniyar hoto akan allon mai da hankali (kaifi algorithm).
Lura: Zuƙowa shine don kusantar da abubuwa masu nisa.Mayar da hankali shine a bayyana hoton a sarari.
2.9 Fitarwa ta atomatik da Gamma:
Haɗin budewa ne da rufewa.Aperture, saurin rufewa, ISO.Gamma shine madaidaicin amsawar idon ɗan adam zuwa haske.
III.Sauran tsarin kamara